Chromosome is discovered in the middle of the 19th century and has intensively been studied both in structural and functional aspects through these three centuries. One prominent fact revealed so far is that the basic structure of the chromosomes is common though the higher organisms, such as plants and animals, although they took quite different evolutional pathways. It has been shown that the chromosome has a very elastic physical property like a chewing gum and a very versatile nature for rearrangements as revealed in cancer cells. Also it has already been shown that there are two important factors on chromosome structure, chromosome scaffold and chromatin fiber, although how they interact is not known. To give the reasons to these points, we need to know the structure of the chromosome. Micro- and nano-technology are now effective tools for chromosome research by their recent rapid development. They can be used both for functional and structural studies of chromosomes, although their direct advantages have been shown mainly in structural aspects. In this presentation, utilization of the three most promising micro- and nano-technologies: super-resolution microscopy (in particular, three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy, 3D-SIM), focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM), and transmission electron microscope tomography (TEM tomography) will be introduced giving the results so far obtained by out group. 3D-SIM and TEM tomography revealed double stranded nature of the chromosome scaffold. FIB/SEM depicted the size of the basic chromatin fibers within a human chromosome. Further applications of micro- and nano-technologies in the fields of chromosome science will be discussed.
Chromosome is discovered in the middle of the 19th century and has intensively been studied both in structural and functional aspects through these three centuries. One prominent fact revealed so far is that the basic structure of the chromosomes is common though the higher organisms, such as plants and animals, although they took quite different evolutional pathways. It has been shown that the chromosome has a very elastic physical property like a chewing gum and a very versatile nature for rearrangements as revealed in cancer cells. Also it has already been shown that there are two important factors on chromosome structure, chromosome scaffold and chromatin fiber, although how they interact is not known. To give the reasons to these points, we need to know the structure of the chromosome. Micro- and nano-technology are now effective tools for chromosome research by their recent rapid development. They can be used both for functional and structural studies of chromosomes, although their direct advantages have been shown mainly in structural aspects. In this presentation, utilization of the three most promising micro- and nano-technologies: super-resolution microscopy (in particular, three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy, 3D-SIM), focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM), and transmission electron microscope tomography (TEM tomography) will be introduced giving the results so far obtained by out group. 3D-SIM and TEM tomography revealed double stranded nature of the chromosome scaffold. FIB/SEM depicted the size of the basic chromatin fibers within a human chromosome. Further applications of micro- and nano-technologies in the fields of chromosome science will be discussed.
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