The Japanese soil-frog, Glandirana rugosa, consists of multiple populations having different sex-determining mechanisms, which are XX-XY and ZZ-ZW types. Both the XY and ZW sex chromosomes are 7th largest in the complement (2n=26) and are morphologically differentiated between the homologues. The geographic populations with XY sex chromosomes are distributed in central Japan (Tokai and Kinki districts), while those with ZW sex chromosomes are classified into two different groups: one is distributed in western regions of northern Japan (Tohoku district), called ZW population, while the other is in central Japan (Kinki district), called Neo-ZW. In the central Japan (Kinki district), the two different populations, Neo-ZW in the west and XY population in the east, are panmictic and, in fact, are intermingled with each other where heterogametic males and females are found. Recently, we have found that the most eastern populations of the Neo-ZW, which are very close to the intermingling populations, shared the same mitochondrial haplotypes with XY populations, and thus it was designated Neo-ZW2 population to be differentiated from the original population, Neo-ZW1. Then, to uncover the evolutionary mechanisms of Neo-ZW2 populations, we investigated constitution of the nuclear genomes and sex-linked genes by SNPs analysis. Based on the results, we concluded that the Neo-ZW2 populations originated from hybridization between the Neo-ZW1 and XY populations in the past, and interestingly the Z chromosomes originated from the Neo-ZW1 while W chromosomes originated from X chromosomes of the XY population. The convergent evolution of female heterogamety is discussed based on the artificial crossing experiments between the Neo-ZW1 and XY populations at laboratory.
The Japanese soil-frog, Glandirana rugosa, consists of multiple populations having different sex-determining mechanisms, which are XX-XY and ZZ-ZW types. Both the XY and ZW sex chromosomes are 7th largest in the complement (2n=26) and are morphologically differentiated between the homologues. The geographic populations with XY sex chromosomes are distributed in central Japan (Tokai and Kinki districts), while those with ZW sex chromosomes are classified into two different groups: one is distributed in western regions of northern Japan (Tohoku district), called ZW population, while the other is in central Japan (Kinki district), called Neo-ZW. In the central Japan (Kinki district), the two different populations, Neo-ZW in the west and XY population in the east, are panmictic and, in fact, are intermingled with each other where heterogametic males and females are found. Recently, we have found that the most eastern populations of the Neo-ZW, which are very close to the intermingling populations, shared the same mitochondrial haplotypes with XY populations, and thus it was designated Neo-ZW2 population to be differentiated from the original population, Neo-ZW1. Then, to uncover the evolutionary mechanisms of Neo-ZW2 populations, we investigated constitution of the nuclear genomes and sex-linked genes by SNPs analysis. Based on the results, we concluded that the Neo-ZW2 populations originated from hybridization between the Neo-ZW1 and XY populations in the past, and interestingly the Z chromosomes originated from the Neo-ZW1 while W chromosomes originated from X chromosomes of the XY population. The convergent evolution of female heterogamety is discussed based on the artificial crossing experiments between the Neo-ZW1 and XY populations at laboratory. ...
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