The human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) have been subjected to many amplification and transposition events resulting in a widespread distribution of complete or partial retroviral sequences throughout the primate genome. Most HERV families have been inserted into the primate genome and subjected to amplification on several occasions between the divergence of hominoids and Old World monkeys 30-45 million years ago. Compared to another HERV families (HERV-I, HERV-R, and HERV-W), the HERV-K family including solitary LTR elements represents abundant copy numbers in humans and great apes. Using UCSC genome browser and Repbase, the copy number of HERV-W family are calculated, indicating that 153 HERV-W elements and 209 solitary sequences are detected. They are distributed in whole chromosomes except for chromosomes 16 and 22, which are consistent with the data of Southern blot and PCR analyses. They can influence gene transcription and biological function through various mechanisms. Long terminal repeats (LTRs) of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) have been shown to influence the expression of neighboring genes. HERV insertion event during primate evolution could be genetic marker for the study of phylogeny and evolution. Phylogenetic analysis of HERV elements provides important information regarding the evolutionary history of the retroelements and various events on the primate genome. Accumulated changes of the HERV elements in gene regulation are likely to be functional factors for the process of diversification, speciation and evolution consequences.
The human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) have been subjected to many amplification and transposition events resulting in a widespread distribution of complete or partial retroviral sequences throughout the primate genome. Most HERV families have been inserted into the primate genome and subjected to amplification on several occasions between the divergence of hominoids and Old World monkeys 30-45 million years ago. Compared to another HERV families (HERV-I, HERV-R, and HERV-W), the HERV-K family including solitary LTR elements represents abundant copy numbers in humans and great apes. Using UCSC genome browser and Repbase, the copy number of HERV-W family are calculated, indicating that 153 HERV-W elements and 209 solitary sequences are detected. They are distributed in whole chromosomes except for chromosomes 16 and 22, which are consistent with the data of Southern blot and PCR analyses. They can influence gene transcription and biological function through various mechanisms. Long terminal repeats (LTRs) of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) have been shown to influence the expression of neighboring genes. HERV insertion event during primate evolution could be genetic marker for the study of phylogeny and evolution. Phylogenetic analysis of HERV elements provides important information regarding the evolutionary history of the retroelements and various events on the primate genome. Accumulated changes of the HERV elements in gene regulation are likely to be functional factors for the process of diversification, speciation and evolution consequences.
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